What are the most important supply chain innovations of all-time? Can they even be identified?
I have been working on this off and on for almost a year, and found it is difficult to pull together. The biggest challenge was that many innovations either have no clear origins, or maybe it was sort of a combined evolution along a number of fronts.
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"EOQ formulas are still taught today, and the basis for much supply chain decision-making even in this era."
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This is especially true in terms of much technology innovation.
For example, I have looked hard to see if there was some single company that invented the concept of supply chain network optimization software, but have so far stuck out. My sense is that it developed in parallel/ collaboration among several academics.
There is also not nearly as much source material in terms of supply chain history as I would have thought, as I will support with an anecdote in just a bit.
I can't say I had a crystal clear definition of what I was looking for, but it centered around this:
- Innovations for which we can identify pretty clearly that some single company or individual(s) was/were responsible for the breakthrough
- The innovation had a deep and lasting impact on supply chain practice
So before the list, here is my anecdote. Several years ago, Jim Carr of PPG told me that he led the formation of a centralized transportation load control center at the company in the mid-1980s that he thought was the second or third one in the country, after 3M had pioneered the first one ever.
I wanted to - and ultimately did - put 3M's innovation on the top 10 list. But I had no detail. At first, I tried going through 3M's communications group, thinking it might have something in its company history, or might at least point me to someone there who had been around at the time. Thought it might also be a nice thing to recognize for a company that prides itself on innovation.
I can tell you that after several emails and several voice mails, I did not hear one thing back from anyone at 3M. I guess the communications group wasn't communicating that month.
So I tried my friend Paul Husby, who had been head of supply chain services at 3M in the early 2000s. Paul wasn't around or involved at the time, but connected me with Gary Ridenhower, a top supply chain exec earlier at 3M. While Ridenhower said he was ultimately in charge of the LCC development, he didn't really know many of the details. He kindly said he would ask around.
I was hopeful, but a few weeks went by, and nothing. I really thought the trail was cold and maybe dead. Then one day, an email from Gary shows up pointing me to Pete Andersen, who was in 3M's logistics group at the time and now does some work for White Transfer. "He knows the details," Ridenhower said.
And he does. My reason for relating this anecdote is that I really believe that if not for our efforts, this story would simply have been lost forever. I think it is worth cataloging as SCM history. Thanks to both Gary and Pete for their efforts. So below is my top 10 list - some of them going way back. I had hoped to have ready a somewhat more detailed article/pdf to go with this list, but just didn't quite get it done. Will have that and a video version very soon. I also recognize there will be lots of other ideas or criticisms of my list - hey, that's the fun of this from our view.
The Top 10 Supply Chain Innovations of All-Time
No. 10: Taylorism: In the late 1800s, the great Frederick Taylor takes the first scientific approach to manufacturing. In the early 1880s, he invents the concepts of using time studies on the factory floor, and based on that work, the notion of "standard times" for getting specific tasks done. Later develops the concept of incentive systems and piece-rate pay plans. Taylor's ideas were simply seminal - and often controversial - and dramatically influenced the practice of manufacturing over the next few decades and even to this very day.
No. 9: 3M's Transportation Load Control Center: In 1982, 3M, like every other company, had to leave transportation decisions to each plant and distribution center. Roy Mayeske, at that time the Executive Director of 3M Transportation, had the idea to centralize transportation planning to look for network synergies. 3M took mainframe software being used by Schneider National - one of its major carriers - and modified it to be workable from a shipper perspective. Ship sites called in planned shipments; carriers and routings were phoned back. The LCC is now of course a standard practice today.
No. 8: Distribution Requirements Planning (DRP): In the late 1970s, Andre Martin ran operations for Abbott Labs Canada, and found himself caught between manufacturing and distribution managers, who could never seem to get inventory questions right and always blamed each other. Realizing that what was needed was a sort of Manufacturing Resources Planning for inventory distribution, Martin led a successful effort to build the first computerized DRP system, which in turn led to a book that created the software category of DRP, as several technology firms built products based on these ideas. Was in many way the start of today's supply chain planning software industry.
No. 7: The FedEx Tracking System: After re-inventing the category of express parcel shipments, FedEx went a step further in the mid-1980s with its development of a new computerized tracking system that provided near real-time information about package delivery. Outfitting drivers with small handheld computers for scanning pick-ups and deliveries, a shipment's status was available end to end. The Fedex system really drove the idea that "information was as important as the package itself," and was foundation of our current supply chain visibility systems and concepts.
No. 6 - The Universal Product Code: Though the idea to use some form of printed and even wireless automatic product identification had been around for decades, lack of standards had precluded individual ideas from gaining any sort of critical mass. In 1970, a company called Logicon wrote a standard for something close to the what became known as the Universal Product Code (UPC) to identify via a bar code a specific SKU, an effort that was finalized a few years later by George Laurer. The first implementation of the UPC was in 1974 at a Marsh's supermarket in Troy, OH north of Dayton. The invention triggered the auto ID movement, forever changing supply chain practice and information flow.
No. 5: The Ford Assembly Line: Henry Ford actually got the idea for the assembly line approach from the flow systems of meat packing operations in the Midwest, but it was Ford's adoption of the production approach with a continuously moving line for Model T's in 1913 that revolutionized not only automobile assembly but took the practice of manufacturing to new levels in other sectors as well. Total time of assembly for a single car using the production line fell from 12.5 labor hours to 93 labor minutes, ultimately making cars affordable for the masses, changing not only supply chain but society.
No. 4: Economic Order Quantity (EOQ): Economic Order Quantity is a mathematical approach for determining the financially optimal amount of product to order from suppliers based on inventory holding costs and ordering costs. The original concept is generally credited to Ford Whitman Harris, a Westinghouse engineer, from an article in 1913, but it was a much later article in the Harvard Business Review in 1934 by RH Wilson that made EOQ mainstream. The formulas are still taught today, and the basis for much supply chain decision-making even in this era.
No. 3: The Ocean Shipping Container: It is hard to imagine today, but until the mid-1950s, there was no standard way to ship products on ocean carriers, and most were shipped on whatever container or platform the producing company deemed best. The result was terribly inefficient handling on both sides of the equation, poor space utilization on the cargo ships, and high logistics costs. Enter Malcom McLean, legendary logistics entrepreneur and visionary who invented the standard steel shipping container first implemented in 1956 at the port of New Jersey. Someone would have thought of it eventually, but McLean's invention in started the explosion in global trade.
No. 2: P&G's Continuous Replenishment: Until 1987 or so, order patterns in the consumer goods supply chain were almost totally dependent on whatever the manufacturer sale person and retail buyer decided between them. That's until Procter & Gamble bought a mainframe application from IBM for "continuous replenishment" (which has been deployed a handful of times in other markets), re-wrote it for consumer goods to retail, and as a result dramatically changed that entire value chain by driving orders based on DC withdrawals and sales data. P&G first implemented the approach with Schnuck's Markets in St. Louis, with dramatic results in both lowering inventories while increasing in-stock at retail.
KMart was next, taking pipeline diaper inventories from two months to two weeks - but KMart never completely embraced the possibilities. A legendary 1988 meeting between P&G's CEO and Sam Walton led to a CR program there and changed supply chain history, helping propel Wal-Mart to retail dominance and providing the foundation for Efficient Consumer Response (ECR), Category Management, Continuous Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR), and more.
And finally.... (drum roll...envelop please)...
No. 1: The Toyota Production System: When James Womack and several co-authors wrote "The Machine that Changed the World" in 1990, it was of course not a Toyota car that had such an impact, but rather the Toyota Production System (TPS) that was the foundation of the company's dramatic success across the globe. Pioneered by Toyota's Taiichi Ohno and a few colleagues, TPS not only is the foundation for today's Lean manufacturing and supply chain practices, but the concepts have penetrated versus every area business. TPS truly did change the world.
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